A low density of 0.8 g/cc for the Trojan binary asteroid 617 Patroclus

The Trojan population consists of two swarms of asteroids following the same orbit as Jupiter and located at the L4 and L5 Lagrange points of the Jupiter-Sun system (leading and following Jupiter by 60 degrees). The asteroid 617 Patroclus is the only known binary Trojan (Merline et al. 2001). The orbit of this double system was hitherto unknown. Here we report that the components, separated by 680 km, move around the system centre of mass, describing roughly a circular orbit. Using the orbital parameters, combined with thermal measurements to estimate the size of the components, we derive a very low density of 0.8 g/cc. The components of Patroclus are therefore very porous or composed mostly of water ice, suggesting that they could have been formed in the outer part of the solar system.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl

Assessing clinicians' perspectives about the identification and management of antipsychotic medication side-effects: psychometric evaluation of a survey questionnaire

Eliciting clinicians' views about antipsychotic medication side-effects may assist in understanding strategies that could enhance the identification and management of these side-effects. The present paper details the development and psychometric evaluation of a questionnaire that captures clinicians' perceptions about these issues. An initial item set was derived from a literature review, and then refined by an expert content validity panel that assessed the relevance of the items. The online questionnaire was distributed to Australian mental health nurses and 140 fully completed questionnaires were returned. Principal components analysis yielded two robust scales that conceptually tapped "system responsibility" and "personal confidence". These scales may be used to advance knowledge about how mental health nurses' attitudes towards the assessment and management of antipsychotic medication side-effects influences their clinical behaviour

Living with antipsychotic medication side-effects: The experience of Australian mental health consumers

The present study explores people's experience of living with antipsychotic medication side-effects. Qualitative data were gathered through semistructured interviews with 10 mental health consumers in a community care setting in Australia. The interview transcriptions were content analysed, and enhanced by combining manifest and latent content. Important contextual cues were identified through replaying the audio-recordings. Several main themes emerged from the analysis, including the impact of side-effects, attitudes to the use of medication and side-effects, and coping strategies to manage medication side-effects. Each participant reported between six and seven side-effects on average, which were often pronounced and had a major disruptive impact on their lives. Of these effects, the most commonly mentioned was sedation, which the participants described as leaving them in a ‘zombie'-like state. Most participants expressed an attitude of acceptance about the side-effects. The participants' most common strategy to manage side-effects was to change the dosage of the medication. Other common side-effect management strategies involved using other medications to control side-effects, and diverse self-help techniques, the most common of which was relaxation/distraction techniques

Australian case managers' views about the impact of antipsychotic medication on mental health consumers

This study examined case managers' views about antipsychotic medications and the impact of side-effects on mental health consumers in a community setting. Nine case managers were purposively sampled and interviewed. Content analysis was used to generate a series of themes. The findings indicated that case managers perceived that a lack of consumer insight was one of the main reasons for wanting to reduce, or altogether cease, antipsychotic medication. However, case managers lacked an adequate level of knowledge about antipsychotic medication side-effects. Without a sufficient level of knowledge, case managers may be unable to fully address consumers' concerns

Multiplicity in the Jupiter Trojan Population: Low density of 617 Patroclus with Keck LGS AO and Perspective

International audienceThe system 617 Patroclus, the only binary Trojan known, was discovered in 2001 with the Hokupa'a Gemini-8m AO system. Because of their faintness (magnitude in visible mv>15.5), Trojan asteroids cannot be directly observed by most of the AO systems. In 2004, a Laser Guide Star (LGS) AO system was offered on the Keck-10m. We initiated an observing campaign, recording direct images of the 617 Patroclus double system in broadband filters with the NIRC2 near-infrared camera. The orbital parameters of the system were estimated using two methods and by including additional Gemini archive data (2001-2002), we obtained a consistent and accurate solution. The two components, separated by 680±20 km, revolve around their center of mass in 4.289±0.004 days in a roughly circular orbit (e ˜0.02-0.02). Using the thermal measurements by Fernandez et al. (2003), we derive (with a beaming parameter eta =0.94) a radius of R1= 60.9 km and R2= 56.3 km (with an error of 1.6 km and an Av= 0.04). Even considering the uncertainty in the volume of the components, the density of 617 Patroclus (rho = 0.8±0.15 g/cm3) is extremely low, if compared with the bulk-density of known binary C-type main-belt asteroids (rho 1.2 g/cm3, see Marchis et al., ACM, 2005). Assuming that the system is made of the same material as Ganymede or Callisto (uncompressed density of 1.6 g/cm3), the bulk density yields to a macro-porosity of ˜50%. A more realistic smaller porosity (p ˜15 different composition, such as more water ice in the interior of 617 Patroclus, suggesting a formation in the distant outer regions of the solar system (Morbidelli et al., Nature, 2005). The origin of this tightly bound system will be also discussed (Marchis et al., Nature, in press, 2005). We will present a quality comparison of the LGS Keck system with various techniques and different AO systems, discussing the interest of this technique to broaden the search for multiple asteroids in all minor planet populations

The Orbit of 617 Patroclus Binary Trojan System from Keck LGS AO observations

International audienceWe report the results from Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics observations in 2004-2005 of 617 Patroclus using the NIRC2 camera at the W. M. Keck Observatory. An observing campaign which focuses on this only known binary Trojan asteroid, was initiated by our group. Both components of the system were detected at 5 different epochs between Nov. 2004 and May 2005 with an angular separation between 45 and 190 mas and a Dm ˜0.17. The orbital parameters were estimated independently using two algorithms, a Monte-Carlo technique (Hestroffer and Vachier, IAU-ACM, 2005), and a visual binary method (Descamps, Cel. Mech., 2005): a= 685±40 km, e = 0.02±0.02, P = 4.287±0.002 or P= 2.391±0.003 corresponding to a total mass of 1.4 x 1018 or 4.3 x 1018 ± 0.2 kg. Considering recent radiometric measurements by Fernandez et al., (AJ, 126, 2003), the radii of components would be R1= 60.9 km and R2=56.3 km (error ˜1.6 km and with eta =0.94), leading to an averaged bulk density of 0.8 or 2.6 ±0.1 g/cm3. The factor of ˜2 uncertainty in the period will be removed using additional observations from CADC archive (in progress)

Multiplicity in the Jupiter Trojan Population: Low density of 617 Patroclus with Keck LGS AO and Perspective

International audienceThe system 617 Patroclus, the only binary Trojan known, was discovered in 2001 with the Hokupa'a Gemini-8m AO system. Because of their faintness (magnitude in visible mv>15.5), Trojan asteroids cannot be directly observed by most of the AO systems. In 2004, a Laser Guide Star (LGS) AO system was offered on the Keck-10m. We initiated an observing campaign, recording direct images of the 617 Patroclus double system in broadband filters with the NIRC2 near-infrared camera. The orbital parameters of the system were estimated using two methods and by including additional Gemini archive data (2001-2002), we obtained a consistent and accurate solution. The two components, separated by 680±20 km, revolve around their center of mass in 4.289±0.004 days in a roughly circular orbit (e ˜0.02-0.02). Using the thermal measurements by Fernandez et al. (2003), we derive (with a beaming parameter eta =0.94) a radius of R1= 60.9 km and R2= 56.3 km (with an error of 1.6 km and an Av= 0.04). Even considering the uncertainty in the volume of the components, the density of 617 Patroclus (rho = 0.8±0.15 g/cm3) is extremely low, if compared with the bulk-density of known binary C-type main-belt asteroids (rho 1.2 g/cm3, see Marchis et al., ACM, 2005). Assuming that the system is made of the same material as Ganymede or Callisto (uncompressed density of 1.6 g/cm3), the bulk density yields to a macro-porosity of ˜50%. A more realistic smaller porosity (p ˜15 different composition, such as more water ice in the interior of 617 Patroclus, suggesting a formation in the distant outer regions of the solar system (Morbidelli et al., Nature, 2005). The origin of this tightly bound system will be also discussed (Marchis et al., Nature, in press, 2005). We will present a quality comparison of the LGS Keck system with various techniques and different AO systems, discussing the interest of this technique to broaden the search for multiple asteroids in all minor planet populations

The Orbit of 617 Patroclus Binary Trojan System from Keck LGS AO observations

International audienceWe report the results from Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics observations in 2004-2005 of 617 Patroclus using the NIRC2 camera at the W. M. Keck Observatory. An observing campaign which focuses on this only known binary Trojan asteroid, was initiated by our group. Both components of the system were detected at 5 different epochs between Nov. 2004 and May 2005 with an angular separation between 45 and 190 mas and a Dm ˜0.17. The orbital parameters were estimated independently using two algorithms, a Monte-Carlo technique (Hestroffer and Vachier, IAU-ACM, 2005), and a visual binary method (Descamps, Cel. Mech., 2005): a= 685±40 km, e = 0.02±0.02, P = 4.287±0.002 or P= 2.391±0.003 corresponding to a total mass of 1.4 x 1018 or 4.3 x 1018 ± 0.2 kg. Considering recent radiometric measurements by Fernandez et al., (AJ, 126, 2003), the radii of components would be R1= 60.9 km and R2=56.3 km (error ˜1.6 km and with eta =0.94), leading to an averaged bulk density of 0.8 or 2.6 ±0.1 g/cm3. The factor of ˜2 uncertainty in the period will be removed using additional observations from CADC archive (in progress)